T
tail tree. In skyline logging, a tree used to anchor the mainline away from the landing.
tally. The count of trees, logs, or other products; to count trees, logs, or other products; to record products, distances, etc., as measured.
taper. The gradual reduction of diameter in a stem of a tree or a log from the base to the top.
taproot. The major tree root with the greatest tendency to grow downward. Depending on the species and soil conditions, the taproot may or may not be pronounced or show heavy branching.
tarif table. A tree-volume table based on d.b.h. and total height.
terminal bud. The uppermost bud on the main stem of a tree. See leader.
thinning. Cutting in an immature stand to increase the growth rate of the leave trees. The goal is to foster quality growth, improve composition, promote sanitation, and recover and use material that would otherwise be lost to mortality. Thinning does not generally increase per-acre cubic-volume growth, but it can increase board-foot yield.
thinning shock. A condition of very slow growth in a thinned stand, usually from a heavy thinning that exposes residual trees to conditions much different from those present before thinning.
thinning, types of. See also commercial thinning, precommercial thinning.
1. low thinning. The removal of trees from the lower crown classes in a stand. Syn. thinning from below.
2. crown thinning. The removal of trees from the middle and upper crown classes in a stand, to favor the most promising trees of these classes. Syn. thinning from above.
3. selection thinning. Removal of dominant trees to benefit trees in lower crown classes.
4. free thinning. Removal of trees to benefit best trees, regardless of crown class.
5. mechanical thinning. Removal of trees based totally on their spacing or arrangement.
timber. A term loosely applied to forest stands or their products; often applied to wood in forms suitable for heavy construction (houses, ships, bridges).
timber stand improvement.(T.S.I.) Any treatment intended to improve the quality of a forest stand, including pruning, thinning, salvaging, and fertilization. timber type. See forest type.
timber type. See forest type.
tolerance. Capacity of a tree or plant to develop & grow in the shade of (and in competition with) other trees or plants; a general term for the relative ability of a species to survive a deficiency of an essential growth requirement (light, moisture, nutrient supply).
transpiration. The process by which water vapor leaves a living plant and enters the atmosphere.
transplant. 1. To replant a nursery seedling in another part of the nursery for further development. A "2-1" tree seedling is one that was grown from seed for 2 years in the nursery, then replanted and left for a year in another nursery bed.
2. To move a wild seedling to another location for regenerating a forest.
3. Any seedling that is removed from one location and planted elsewhere.
tree. A woody plant having one well-defined stem and a more or less definitely formed crown, usually attaining a height of at least 8 ft.
tree age. The number of years since the germination of the seed, or the budding of the sprout or root sucker.
tree farm. An area of privately owned forest land dedicated by its owner to the growing and harvesting of repeated forest crops. The name has been copyrighted by the American Forest Institute for its exclusive use.
tree length. Entire length of tree, or with the top lopped off at small diameter, as in skidding tree length to a landing for bucking into logs.
turn. The logs brought to the landing during a single yarding or skidding cycle.
turnup. In Christmas tree culture, the practice of leaving a green branch when harvesting a Christmas tree; this branch, turned upwards, becomes the next tree. Syn. stump culture.
U
underbrush. The brush growing in a forest. undercut. In felling a tree, the initial cut that removes a wedge-shaped piece of wood and determines the direction of fall. Syn. face cut.
undercut. In felling a tree, the initial cut that removes a wedge-shaped piece of wood and determines the direction of fall. Syn. face cut.
undergrowth. Small trees and shrubs and other plants growing under a forest canopy.
understory. That portion of the trees or other vegetation in a forest stand below the canopy.
uneven-aged. Applied to a stand in which there are considerable differences in the age of the trees and in which three or more age classes are represented. See also all-aged.
V
veneer. A thin sheet of wood cut on a lathe or slicing machine. There are three kinds: sawed, sliced, and rotary cut.
Vexar tube. A rigid, plastic-net tube made from Vexar (a trademark of the DuPont Corporation). Used to protect tree seedlings from animal damage.
virgin forest. A mature or overmature forest essentially uninfluenced by human activity.
volume table. A table showing gross volume of trees, based on given tree measurements (usually d.b.h. and height).
W
water bar. V-shaped trench cut into the surface of a road, which collects water and channels it off the road surface, to avoid erosion.
watershed. Any sloping area that sheds water; an area of land that collects and discharges water into a single stream or other outlet.
wedge. 1. In logging, to drive a solid V-shaped object (the wedge) into the saw cut to prevent the saw from binding and to direct the fall of the tree. 2. Slang for a prism used in cruising timber.
weed tree. A tree of a species with relatively little or no value. whorl. A group of branches originating at or near the base of the terminal bud. Generally, one whorl is produced each growing season.
whorl. A group of branches originating at or near the base of the terminal bud. Generally, one whorl is produced each growing season.
widowmaker. Any limb, top, leaning tree, or other material in the forest that is in danger of falling to the ground without warning, creating a safety hazard. Often applied to limbs that get lodged in the crowns of other trees during a logging operation.
wilderness area. An area of public land (usually over 5,000 acres) designated by Congress as wilderness according to the definition in the Wilderness Act. Ecosystems present are preserved in their natural states, with minimum human influence (no timber harvesting, roads, or developed areas are allowed).
wildfire. A fire burning out of control, regardless of how or why it started.
wildling. A seedling naturally reproduced outside of a nursery, used in forest planting.
windbreak. A wind barrier of living trees and shrubs maintained to protect the farm home, other buildings, garden, orchard, or feedlots. Syn. shelterbelt.
windfall. A tree uprooted or broken off by wind; an area on which the trees have been thrown by wind. Syn. blowdown, wind-thrown.
windfirm. Describes trees capable of withstanding heavy wind.
wolf tree. A vigorous tree that has merchantable value but occupies more space than its value warrants. Usually very limby.
wood. The lignified water-conducting, supporting, and storage tissue of branches, stems, and roots. Syn. xylem.
woodland. The wooded portion of a farm or ranch, or the wooded land operated in connection with a farm or ranch.
wood-processing industry. That segment of the forest industry that manufactures lumber, paper, plywood, and other primary forest products.
wood technology. The study of wood and all its aspects, including anatomy, chemistry, properties, and treatment.
X
xylem. See sapwood.
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Forest Glossary